Coins created specifically to cross borders and settle large international commercial accounts.
Special silver coins struck by major powers to compete in East Asian commercial ports.
Austrian silver coins dated 1780 that remained standard trade money across the Red Sea.
Pillar and portrait dollars produced at mines in Mexico and Peru for worldwide circulation.
Heavy silver 'silver riders' used by the Dutch East India Company on sea voyages.
European silver coins struck specifically for purchase of spices and silk in Ottoman ports.
Golden ducats that maintained steady purity and gained widespread trust across the Levant.
Indochinese silver coins designed to replace Mexican dollars in Southeast Asian trade.
Rough, irregularly clipped silver and gold pieces produced rapidly in colonial mints.
Colonial Spanish mints churned out millions of rough, jagged silver and gold coins known as cobs. Struck with a hammer from sheared metal chunks, they favoured raw speed and exact weight over beauty.
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